What are ‘Layer 0’ blockchains and how are they different from Layers 1,2 and 3?

By Innocent Nweke

First, think of Layer 0 blockchain as the base infrastructure that houses Layer 1 blockchains, enabling them to focus on processing transactions and maintaining the ledger. The purpose of Layer 0 is to allow developers to create a more flexible base structure – Layer 1 blockchain.

Layer 0 blockchain solves the interoperability problem and ensures that different blockchains communicate without bridges. They allow developers to build their own interoperable and custom blockchain, which focuses on some core functionality.

Another key problem that layer 0 blockchain solves is scalability and security. Layer 2s like Arbitrum and Optimism are built to scale Ethereum – to decongest and enable higher transaction throughput on the network – think of scaling the Layer 1s and securing the network from the root or base layer. This way, Layer 1s are built to focus on some core functions like hosting smart contracts.

Layer 0 blockchain vs. Layer 1, 2 and 3

Layer 0 blockchains provide the underlying infrastructure that allows Layer 1s to operate, while Layer 1s are tasked with processing and validating transactions. Developers can build dApps directly on Layer 1 or Layer 2 blockchains like Arbitrum. 

Layer 3 are the dApps built on layer 1s and 2s. Layer 0 provides a customized development platform and ensures scalability by allowing dedicated layer 1s, responsible for particular functions like running smart contracts, gaming, scaling, and NFTs

To understand in detail the difference between layer 1, layer 2, and layer 3, please check out my earlier piece.

Examples of layer 0 blockchains

Layer 0 blockchains exist in different features and mechanisms, from Polkadot to Avalanche and Cosmos. First, let’s take a look at Polkadot. 

Polkadot 

The Polkadot network consists of the main relay chains (Layer 0) and independent blockchains known as parachains, which focus on solving a unique problem. For example, the Moonbeam network (a Polkadot parachain) provides an Ethereum-compatible smart contract platform that allows developers to build applications.

The main relay chain is responsible for consensus, securing the network, and connecting the parachains to ensure stable data communication (interoperability).

Cosmos

Cosmos(the internet of blockchains) consists of the Cosmos hub (main chain) and Zones (custom blockchains). The Cosmos hub secures the network and ensures data communication amongst blockchains (Zones) via Inter Blockchain communication protocol (IBC), while the Zones are application-specific blockchains.

For Cosmos to achieve its objective, it utilizes tools like its SDK, IBC, and Tendermint to enable developers to build cheaper, faster, and simpler, unlike the Ethereum network.

Avalanche

In its bid to achieve higher scalability and tackle the blockchain trilemma, the Avalanche network consists of three blockchains that run through its primary network (Subnet): the exchange or X-chain(For asset management), the Contract or C-chain(for smart contract creation), and the Platform or P-chain(for validation coordination). 

The primary network facilitates interoperability and communication between blockchains, utilizing two different consensus mechanisms,  while individual blockchains are responsible for specific functions.

Wrapping up

Layer 0 blockchain provides the tools and infrastructure so Layer 1 can focus on specific tasks. Users do not interact with Layer 0 but with Layer 1, which is mainly responsible for processing transactions and maintaining the ledger.

About the Author

Innocent is a result-driven Copywriter/Content marketer passionate about web3 and tech. He has helped a number of startups accelerate their growth online through engaging content, leveraging his analytical skills to filter through the noise to uncover unique insights and generate business leads. An ex-Barca fan, he loves watching football games and travelling. You can connect with him on Twitter.